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Endoscopic negative pressure therapy (ENPT) represents a modern and effective treatment strategy for gastrointestinal tract wall defects. The intracavitary treatment strategy is based on placing a sponge within the defect cavity (Fig. 1), whereas the intraluminal treatment approach is based on placing a drainage device within the visceral lumen overlapping the defect area (Fig. 2).
These strategies complement each other and are successful treatments for gastrointestinal perforation and postoperative adverse events in the upper or lower GI tract.
OFD may offer several advantages in terms of easier placement, adhesiveness to the wound base, less frequent reintervention, and better fluid mobilization.
In this video (Video 1, available online at www.giejournal.org), we present the assembly and placement procedure of a fashioned OFD device that allows simultaneous enteral feeding.
OFD device assembly and placement
The demonstrated OFD device is fashioned by wrapping an open-pore double-layered drainage film (Suprasorb CNP Drainage Film; Lohmann & Rauscher International GmbH & Co KG, Rengsdorf, Germany) around the distal end of a 16F gastric decompression tube (Freka EasyIn, ENFit, Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany) (Figs. 3 and 4). The use of Suprasorb CNP and Freka EasyIn for fashioning an OFD is an off-label use.
Figure 3Equipment needed to assemble the open-pore film drainage device: dual-lumen tube for intestinal feeding (8F) and gastric decompression (16F), drainage film, and suturing material.
A standard gastroscope with a working channel width of 3.2 mm is passed transorally into the jejunum. The working channel of the endoscope should be lubricated with 1 ampule of medium-chain triglyceride oil. The 8F feeding tube (Freka EasyIn, ENFit, Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany) is introduced through the working channel of the gastroscope into the jejunum, and the endoscope is exchanged out of the patient. Next, the feeding tube is rerouted from the mouth to the nose with a nasal exchange catheter.
Over the now-transnasal feeding tube, the OFD-fashioned decompression tube is passed to the desired treatment location using the Seldinger technique. The feeding tube stiffness alone will allow the gastric tube to be pushed to the treatment area. Positioning of the drainage film is guided endoscopically. The proximal end of the gastric decompression tube is then connected to an electronic vacuum device generating continuous negative pressure of −125 mm Hg (KCI V.A.C. Ulta or V.A.C. Freedom; KCI USA Inc, San Antonio, Tex, USA). Endoscopic control of treatment success and concomitant changing of the device is performed every 4 to 5 days, or earlier in the case of interruption of therapy due to device migration.
Video 1 relays details of the device assembly and placement. Variants of OFD assembly are described elsewhere.
Endoscopic negative pressure therapy with open-pore film drainage and open-pore polyurethane sponge drainage for iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus.
ENPT is used in our department as a first-line endoscopic treatment for the following indications in the upper GI tract:
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Surgical anastomotic leaks
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Iatrogenic and traumatic perforations of the esophagus or duodenum
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Staple line leaks after sleeve gastrectomy
When a GI leak/perforation is suspected, a CT scan is obtained, and endoscopy is performed in equivocal cases. Proceeding with ENPT is possible during the index endoscopy as a single-step intervention. ENPT can be a standalone treatment for leaks resulting in a collection smaller than 3 cm in the largest diameter.
Laparoscopy/thoracoscopy is indicated in septic patients and those showing free perforation or abscess formation/defect cavity ≥5 cm in the largest diameter. In these cases, endoscopy can be performed intraoperatively, and ENPT can be commenced thereafter. Single abscesses (>3 cm in the largest diameter) may be addressed by interventional radiology, in addition to ENPT.
The ENPT placement strategy hinges on the size and characteristics of the mural defect and wound cavity. Sponges are placed when wall defects are larger than 2 cm or when a larger putrid or necrotic defect cavity is evident. OFD is applied for smaller wall defects and preferred for intraluminal placement. Characteristics of both methods have been discussed elsewhere in detail
Endoscopic negative pressure therapy with open-pore film drainage and open-pore polyurethane sponge drainage for iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus.
Endoscopic negative pressure therapy with open-pore film drainage and open-pore polyurethane sponge drainage for iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus.
gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy using a FLOT regimen (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) with trastuzumab was followed by esophagectomy with cervical esophagogastrostomy. On postoperative day 3, sepsis developed. Bedside endoscopy showed a compromised anastomosis (Fig. 5A) without obvious leakage. Endoscopic OFD was performed to promote healing of the anastomosis. Repeat endoscopy 10 days after the procedure showed significant improvement (Fig. 5B).
Figure 5A, Endoscopic view of the cervical esophagogastrostomy on the third postoperative day. Intraluminal endoscopic negative pressure therapy applied using open-pore film drainage. B, Repeat endoscopy on 13th postoperative day showed significant restoration and healing of the anastomosis.
Although standard endoscopic therapies, such as self-expanding metal stents or advanced clip systems, can be implemented in GI leaks to close mucosal defects and restore luminal continuity, they do not address the resultant extraluminal fluid collections, which may become infected. However, ENPT paradigms promote the healing process of these injuries through constant mobilization of wound secretions and debris, removal of infected material, mitigation of interstitial edema, modification of cellular signaling milieu, stimulation of tissue perfusion and wound granulation, and rapid fibrin deposition and epithelialization, among other factors.
Other approaches for endoscopic internal drainage, such as placement of double-pigtail stents, work through passive drainage from the inflammatory side.
This passive approach may not be effective when leaks are located in the thorax, owing to the inspiration-associated negative pressure toward the extraluminal cavity, or in the case of an unorganized collection.
The demonstrated OFD tool, with a diameter of 4 to 8 mm, makes it easier to establish ENPT for small defects and is optimal for intraluminal placement because of the reduced adhesiveness, easy removal, and decreased damage to the surrounding tissue.
The possibility of simultaneous enteral feeding is critical, especially when prolonged therapy is needed, given the need for adequate nutrition to promote healing in patients often afflicted with cancer or sepsis. Moreover, ENPT is not solely an inpatient treatment, given that it can be continued in the outpatient setting when sepsis is controlled.
Summary
ENPT using the OFD method is an effective strategy to heal GI leaks and anastomotic defects. The capacity for simultaneous feeding is paramount and advantageous, obviating the need for 2 transnasal catheters and allowing easier placement in the target lesion, with minimal tissue adhesiveness.
Resuming background, indications, and contraindications for endoscopic negative pressure therapy and showing step-by-step assembly and positioning of open-pore film drainage device.
References
Loske G.
Schorsch T.
Muller C.
Intraluminal and intracavitary vacuum therapy for esophageal leakage: a new endoscopic minimally invasive approach.
Endoscopic negative pressure therapy with open-pore film drainage and open-pore polyurethane sponge drainage for iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus.
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