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Malignancies in the upper abdomen can cause both biliary obstruction and gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), leading to acute illness and significant impairment in quality of life. Surgical intervention is invasive and morbid, especially in the presence of malignant ascites. Recent advances in therapeutic EUS-guided techniques have provided minimally invasive approaches to offer these patients relief and palliation.
Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided biliary drainage in comparison with percutaneous biliary drainage when ERCP fails: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
We present a case of a 59-year-old woman with metastatic ovarian cancer who presented with new-onset nausea and vomiting and poor peroral intake. CT showed an infiltrative soft tissue mass in the mesenteric root, causing obstruction of the third duodenum, with prestenotic dilation of the more proximal duodenum and stomach. New small-volume ascites was noted as well. An upper endoscopy revealed an obstructed duodenum. A nasogastric tube was placed for decompression. She was initiated on total parenteral nutrition and transferred to our institution for further management. On presentation, the patient was found to have concomitant biliary obstruction (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase 300-400, alkaline phosphatase 840, total bilirubin 4.3). After a multidisciplinary discussion with the patient and her physicians and careful consideration of all treatment options, we proceeded with endoscopic intervention (Video 1, available online at www.VideoGIE.org).
Conventional ERCP was attempted; however, the ampulla could not be identified (Fig. 1). Potential targets for EUS-guided biliary decompression were then briefly assessed using a linear-array echoendoscope. Choledochoduodenostomy and cholecystoduodenostomy were not considered, given a nondilated common bile duct and a thick-walled, contracted gallbladder with surrounding ascites, respectively. The presence of a dilated left main bile duct made hepaticogastrostomy (HGS) the optimal approach.
Figure 1Endoscopic image demonstrating edematous duodenum, in which the ampulla could not be identified.
Before EUS-HGS, we performed antegrade EUS-guided gastrojejunostomy (EUS-GJ) using the freehand approach to place a 20-mm electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) (Axios; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Mass, USA) to bypass the GOO (Figs. 2 and 3). Given anecdotal reports of anastomotic dehiscence in patients with ascites, a 20-mm × 60-mm esophageal through-the-scope, fully covered self-expanding metal stent (FCSEMS) (Taewoong, Seoul, South Korea) was deployed within the LAMS to further secure the tract (Fig. 4). EUS-GJ was performed first to minimize the risk of HGS stent dislodgement.
Figure 2Endosonographic image showing identification of jejunal limb for creation of gastrojejunostomy.
Figure 4Fluoroscopic image of deployment of through-the-scope, fully covered self-expanding metal stent through the lumen-apposing metal stent to secure the gastrojejunostomy.
After EUS-GJ, the echoendoscope was withdrawn to the proximal stomach, and a dilated left hepatic duct was identified. EUS-HGS was created in standard fashion (bile aspiration, contrast injection, guidewire passage, tract dilation, biliary FCSEMS placement) (Fig. 5). A 7F × 15-cm double-pigtail plastic biliary stent was deployed within the FCSEMS to secure the HGS tract (Fig. 6). Of note, the LAMS, esophageal FCSEMS, and biliary FCSEMS were used for non–Food and Drug Administration–approved indications.
Figure 5Endosonographic and fluoroscopic image demonstrating puncture of dilated left intrahepatic duct to create hepaticogastrostomy and antegrade cholangiogram.
No adverse events occurred. The patient’s signs and symptoms of GOO and biliary obstruction resolved. She was advanced to a low-residue diet. Given the advanced nature of her underlying malignancy, she was discharged home with hospice care. The patient died after spending the last 2 weeks of her life at home with her family.
This case demonstrates that same-session EUS-GJ and EUS-HGS is feasible for the management of concurrent malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction. In the presence of ascites, consideration should be given for a coaxial self-expanding metal esophageal stent to prevent migration. This minimally invasive intervention confers advantages because it avoids surgery, avoids percutaneous drains, and mitigates the risk of recurrent luminal obstruction seen with enteral stent placement.
International multicenter comparative trial of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gastroenterostomy versus surgical gastrojejunostomy for the treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction.
Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided biliary drainage in comparison with percutaneous biliary drainage when ERCP fails: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
International multicenter comparative trial of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gastroenterostomy versus surgical gastrojejunostomy for the treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction.
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