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Marginal ulcer remains a common adverse event after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Despite treatment with antisecretory therapy, up to a third of patients with recalcitrant ulcers may require surgical revision.
In suboptimal surgical candidates or in patients who have failed attempts at surgical intervention, endoscopic techniques may be a preferable or required approach. Case reports have described uncomplicated endoscopic bypass reversal to treat refractory marginal ulcers.
Here, we describe a more complicated, protracted case of a refractory marginal ulceration requiring endoscopic reversal, highlighting the potential for an oscillating, yet salvageable, approach (Video 1, available online at www.giejournal.org).
A 41-year-old woman with a distant history of open RYGB requiring a complex surgical revision re-presented several years later with abdominal pain, vomiting, and failure to thrive. The patient had an extensive evaluation at outside institution, including numerous endoscopic procedures without a clear anatomic cause, and she was ultimately taken to the operating room for reversal of her bypass. This procedure was aborted because of significant adhesions and was also complicated by considerable bleeding, requiring reoperation.
Since that time, symptoms progressed. She underwent EGD, which was notable for stenosis of the gastrojejunal anastomosis as well as a marginal ulcer on the jejunal aspect (Fig. 1). Serial balloon dilations were performed; however, symptoms persisted, ultimately requiring enteral tube feeding.
Figure 1Stenosis of the gastrojejunal anastomosis with deeply cratered marginal ulceration on jejunal aspect (arrows) (A) visualized on closer inspection (B).
Her case was presented at a multidisciplinary conference. Given the inability to reverse her RYGB surgically, the decision was made to proceed with endoscopic reversal. The gastric remnant was identified and accessed endosonographically (Fig. 2). A 20- × 10-mm electrocautery enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent was successfully deployed to reconstitute the connection between her pouch and remnant stomach (Fig. 3). After placement, the stent was dilated with a hydrostatic balloon, at which point significant bleeding was visualized. Despite endoscopic efforts, urgent angiography was ultimately required. Active extravasation was seen from a small branch of the left gastric artery, and coiling was successful.
Figure 2EUS-guided contrast injection following access of the gastric remnant in preparation for lumen-apposing metal stent deployment (A), also visualized on fluoroscopy (B).
Figure 3Endoscopic (A) and fluoroscopic (B) images after deployment of a lumen-apposing metal stent to reconstitute connection between gastric pouch and remnant.
The patient ultimately recovered, and endoscopic reversal was completed by closure of the gastrojejunal anastomosis with suturing (Fig. 4). Unfortunately, several weeks later, her pain recurred. EGD revealed a large pouch ulcer due to ischemia from prior embolization (Fig. 5). Repeat endoscopic suturing was performed to oversew the ulcer.
Figure 4Completion of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reversal with endoscopic suturing closure of the gastrojejunal anastomosis.
Several months later, the patient represented with acute pain and vomiting. EGD revealed migration of the lumen-apposing metal stent into the gastric remnant, and this was removed. A longer, fully covered self-expandable metal stent was placed and fixated (Fig. 6). There was evidence of recurrent marginal ulceration, which was re-treated with endoscopic suturing.
Figure 6Fluoroscopic image before (A) and after (B) deployment of fully covered self-expandable metal stent to maintain fistulous connection between the gastric pouch and remnant.
The patient felt well for several months, until she again presented with obstructive symptoms. Repeat EGD revealed migration of the fully covered self-expandable metal stent. Given the chronicity and complete epithelization of the fistulous tract, the decision was made not to replace the stent. An upper GI series 4 weeks later demonstrated a patent gastro-gastric fistula (Fig. 7). At 6 months of follow-up, she continues to see our surgical colleagues regularly to discuss next steps or definitive operative intervention should symptoms recur.
Figure 7Endoscopic (A) and upper GI series (B) demonstrating patent gastro-gastric fistula.
This video highlights the complicated, yet salvageable, course of an endoscopic reversal of RYGB for recalcitrant marginal ulcer after failure of surgical intervention. As demonstrated in this case, multiple stent placements and repeated endoscopic suturing may be required to achieve this successful outcome. Furthermore, should future surgical interventions be entertained, endoscopic management may provide temporization and nutritional optimization during a time at which operative options are suboptimal.
Disclosure
Dr Varban has salary support for participation and leadership in collaborative quality improvement initiatives from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Dr Schulman is a consultant for Apollo Endosurgery, Boston Scientific, MicroTech, Olympus, and GI Dynamics. All other authors disclosed no financial relationships.
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