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Original Article|Articles in Press

Underwater EMR for the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative gastric cancer

Open AccessPublished:November 21, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vgie.2022.10.002
Underwater EMR for the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative gastric cancer
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      Underwater EMR for establishing diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative gastric cancer.

      Abbreviations:

      UEMR (underwater endoscopic mucosal resection), CT (computed tomography)
      A 75-year-old woman experienced nausea 7 months prior and had lost 9 kg over 3 months. She was referred to the university hospital for further examination. A CT scan showed circumferential wall thickening of the stomach. Endoscopic examination revealed markedly enlarged folds, redness, and poor extension of the gastric lumen. Advanced infiltrative gastric cancer was suspected. However, endoscopic forceps biopsy specimens did not reveal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic examination and the forceps biopsy were repeated twice during the next 6 months. However, specimens revealed just normal epithelium without evidence of malignancy. Additionally, perigastric lymphadenopathy and increased omental density and mesenteric fat were observed on the CT scan after 6 months (Fig. 1). Therefore, the patient was referred to our institute for further examination and treatment.
      Figure thumbnail gr1
      Figure 1CT scan showing circumferential thickening of the gastric wall.
      An endoscopy revealed abnormally thickened folds with poor extension of the gastric body (Fig. 2). Narrow-band imaging showed no demarcation line, irregular microvessel pattern, or irregular micro-surface pattern, suggesting submucosal tumor infiltration (Fig. 3). To obtain sufficient submucosal specimens, underwater EMR was performed (Video 1, available online at www.giejournal.org). After filling the lumen with saline, hot-snare polypectomy was performed using a 10-mm stiff snare. Bleeding was controlled with coagulation forceps. Considering the risk of postprocedural bleeding, we performed underwater EMR on admission. No adverse events occurred. Histological examination of 3 of the 6 specimens revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the deep lamina propria and submucosa, but not in the superficial layer (Fig. 4). Peritoneal dissemination was confirmed histologically by laparoscopy, and chemotherapy was performed.
      Figure thumbnail gr2
      Figure 2Abnormally thickened folds with poor extension of the gastric body.
      Figure thumbnail gr3
      Figure 3Narrow-band imaging showing enlarged mucosal structures without a demarcation line, irregular microvessel pattern, or irregular microsurface pattern, suggesting submucosal infiltration of the tumor.
      Figure thumbnail gr4
      Figure 4Histology results showing a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the deep lamina propria and submucosa. (H&E, orig. mag. ×100)
      The underwater EMR technique enables resection of sufficient deep submucosal tissue, yielding a high en bloc resection rate for colorectal polyps.
      • Yamashina T.
      • Uedo N.
      • Akasaka T.
      • et al.
      Comparison of underwater vs conventional endoscopic mucosal resection of intermediate-size colorectal polyps.
      Gastroenterology. 2019; 157: 451-461
      ,
      • Matsueda K.
      • Takeuchi Y.
      • Kitamura M.
      • et al.
      Depth of the cutting plane with underwater and conventional endoscopic mucosal resection: post-hoc analysis of a randomized study.
      J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 37: 741-748
      EUS-guided FNA is often performed to acquire deep submucosal tissue for diagnosis when neoplastic tissues exist beyond the mucosa and pathological diagnosis using endoscopic forceps biopsy is difficult.
      • Pham B.V.
      • Phan H.H.
      • Ngo L.L.
      • et al.
      A rare colonic metastasis case from hepatocellular carcinoma.
      Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019; 7: 4368-4371
      Although using EUS-guided FNA for both the gastric wall and lymph nodes, overall diagnostic yield could reach 87.5% to 93.7%,
      • Ye Y.
      • Tan S.
      Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis of gastric linitis plastica with negative malignant endoscopy biopsies.
      Oncol Lett. 2018; 16: 4915-4920
      ,
      • Liu Y.
      • Chen K.
      • Yang X.J.
      Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration used in diagnosing gastric linitis plastica: metastatic lymph nodes can be valuable targets.
      J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019; 34: 202-206
      and thus EUS-guided FNA poses certain risk of seeding. In this case, no enlarged lymph nodes were detected on a CT scan. Thus, we performed underwater EMR instead of EUS-guided FNA. Conventional EMR has been reportedly shown to be useful for diagnosing infiltrative gastric cancer.

      Hamada K, Uedo N, Hanaoka N, et al. Gastrointestinal: endoscopic mucosal resection for diagnosis of infiltrating gastric cancer: a case report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2916;10:1670.

      However, needle injection for a lift into the hard tumor tissue is often difficult, and inappropriate injection makes subsequent snaring of the tissue challenging. When underwater EMR is used, adequate submucosal tissue could be obtained without needle injection, providing an accurate pathological diagnosis.

      Disclosure

      Dr Shichijo has received honoraria for lectures from EA Pharma, AstraZeneca, The AI Medical Service, and Janssen Pharmaceutical, all in Japan. Dr Takeuchi has received honoraria for lectures from Olympus, Boston Scientific, Daiichi-Sankyo, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Asuka Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, EA Pharma, Zeria Pharmaceutical, Fujifilm, Kaneka Medix, Kyorin Pharmaceutical, and Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy, all in Japan. Dr Uedo has received honoraria for lectures from Olympus, Fujifilm, Boston Scientific, Daiichi-Sankyo, Takeda Pharmaceutical, EA Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, and Miyarisan Pharmaceutical. All other authors disclosed no financial relationships.

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        Underwater EMR for establishing diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative gastric cancer.

      References

        • Yamashina T.
        • Uedo N.
        • Akasaka T.
        • et al.
        Comparison of underwater vs conventional endoscopic mucosal resection of intermediate-size colorectal polyps.
        Gastroenterology. 2019; 157: 451-461
        View in Article
        • Matsueda K.
        • Takeuchi Y.
        • Kitamura M.
        • et al.
        Depth of the cutting plane with underwater and conventional endoscopic mucosal resection: post-hoc analysis of a randomized study.
        J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 37: 741-748
        View in Article
        • Pham B.V.
        • Phan H.H.
        • Ngo L.L.
        • et al.
        A rare colonic metastasis case from hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019; 7: 4368-4371
        View in Article
        • Ye Y.
        • Tan S.
        Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis of gastric linitis plastica with negative malignant endoscopy biopsies.
        Oncol Lett. 2018; 16: 4915-4920
        View in Article
        • Liu Y.
        • Chen K.
        • Yang X.J.
        Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration used in diagnosing gastric linitis plastica: metastatic lymph nodes can be valuable targets.
        J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019; 34: 202-206
        View in Article

      6. Hamada K, Uedo N, Hanaoka N, et al. Gastrointestinal: endoscopic mucosal resection for diagnosis of infiltrating gastric cancer: a case report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2916;10:1670.

        View in Article

      Article Info

      Publication History

      Published online: November 21, 2022

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      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vgie.2022.10.002

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